Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Section 311, Evidence Act, 1872, Section 138 -- Recall of PWs - Cross-examination is statutory right of accused - Unless and until said opportunity is provided to accused, he would not be in a position to put defence in a proper way - For conducting a fair trial, proper opportunity is required to be given to accused...........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138 -- Dishonour of cheque - If accused is able to raise a probable defence, which creates doubts about existence of a legally enforceable debt or liability, prosecution can fail...........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, 139 -- Dishonour of cheque - Presumption - While dealing with presumption u/s 139 of the Act, accused has two options: (i) debt/liability does not exist i.e by leading defence evidence and conclusively establishing with certainty that cheque was not issued in discharge of a debt/liability; and (ii) to prove the non-existence..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, 147 -- Dishonour of cheque - Compounding of offence - Guidelines modified, viz. (a) If accused pays cheque amount before recording of his evidence (namely defence evidence), then Trial Court may allow compounding of offence without imposing any cost or penalty on accused; (b) If accused makes payment of cheque amount post..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138 -- Dishonour of cheque - Service of summons - Directions issued: (a) In all cases filed u/s 138 of the Act, service of summons shall not be confined through prescribed usual modes but shall also be issued dasti i.e. summons shall be served upon accused by complainant in addition; This direction is necessary as a large number of..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, 141 -- Dishonour of cheque - Offence by company - Summoning of accused - Applicants relied upon appointment letters which demonstrate their non-executive, independent status, cannot at this preliminary stage, override the categorical averments contained in complaint - Such documents may at best support a defence that offence..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, 139, 118(a) -- Dishonour of cheque - Presumption - S.118 (a) assumes that every negotiable instrument is made or drawn for consideration, while S.139 creates a presumption that holder of a cheque has received cheque in discharge of a debt or liability - Presumptions under both are rebuttable which can be rebutted by accused by..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, 139, 118(a) -- Dishonour of cheque - Hand loan - Presumption - Probable defence on the part of accused established - Burden shifts on complainant to establish his case beyond a reasonable doubt - Complainant failed to discharge this burden as (a) well wishers in whose presence cheque was given to complainant not examined as..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138 -- Dishonour of cheque - Loan transaction - Plea that cheque was lost - Intimation to police dated 12.03.2010 but it reach police only in the year 2011 - Respondent No.2 admitted in his cross examination that such intimation was sent to police only in 2011 but was never converted into a formal FIR - This further raises serious..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, Section 311 -- Dishonour of cheque - Examination of two witnesses - Application filed on the ground that loan was advanced to accused in the presence of two witnesses - However, since the very beginning complainant was aware of the fact that he had given loan to accused in the presence of..........
