Will -- Proof - Principles required for proving validity and execution of Will - (i) Court has to consider two aspects: firstly, that the Will is executed by the testator, and secondly, that it was the last Will executed by him; (ii) It is not required to be proved with mathematical accuracy, but the test of satisfaction of the prudent mind has to be applied; (iii) A Will..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 4, 118 -- Pronote - Signature of defendant over pronote as well as receipt have been proved on record by handwriting expert - Suggestion having been put to plaintiff in his cross-examination that amount stands paid itself establishes the factum of payment of money against pronote - On the contrary no evidence was produced on record..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 4, Evidence Act, 1872, Section 45 -- Promissory note - Signatures denied and a plea taken that it was forged - Expert who examined as DW3 stated that case is of imitation forgery or simulated forgery and in his opinion, one requires to go through a model signature in case of simulated forgery - Evidence of PWs 1 to 4 is reliable..........
Evidence Act, 1872, Section 45 -- Handwriting expert - Comparison of signatures - Expert did not raise any objection about quality of standard signature for use to compare with disputed signature - It is hyper technical to say that it is unnecessary to call for documents with signatures of petitioner for the purpose of comparison or seek opinion of an expert - Court does..........
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, Section 22 -- Contraband - Recovery memo did not bear the signature of accused - Private person had joined the police party and also signed the recovery memo but he was not made a witness by prosecution for the reason best known to it - More so, FIR no. has been mentioned on the recovery memo which puts a serious dent..........
Civil Procedure Code, 1908, Order 6, Rule 17 -- Amendment of pleadings - Commencement of trial - Trial commences only when first witness enters the witness box and confirms the contents and signature etc. in its evidence in affidavit...........
Indian Penal Code, 1860, Section 465, 468, 471, 477A -- Offence u/ss 465, 468, 471, 477-A IPC - Accused has used challan which is a forged document as genuine, also falsified the accounts and signature and misappropriated an amount of Rs.74,789/- - Offence u/ss 465, 468, 471, 477-A IPC is thus, attracted - Accused rightly convicted...........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138 -- Dishonour of cheque - Accused denied his signatures on cheque - Burden is upon accused to produce admitted signature and seek for an expert opinion - Having failed to do so, adverse inference is drawn against him that disputing signatures is for the formal sake of denial - Accused convicted...........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138 -- Dishonour of cheque - Demand notice - Service of notice - Seal of first accused/partnership firm is affixed and a representative of first accused have signed postal acknowledgement card - Notice sent to second accused same person in the said address had signed and fixed seal acknowledging the receipt of notice - Affixture of..........
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Section 138, Evidence Act, 1872, Section 45 -- Dishonour of cheque - Payment of cheque amount - Complainant denied his signatures on receipt - Application for comparison of signatures - Complainant having no objection - Application allowed - Trial Court to get the signature-in-question of complainant examined by an expert to compare it..........
